Я увлекаюсь изучением узбекского языка, как наиболее интересного для меня из тюркских.
Одновременно я пишу методику изучения узбекского для англоговорящих. Зачем? Это помогает моему изучению языка; надеюсь, что кому-то мои наработки также пригодятся. Почему английский, а не русский? Потому, что мне так интереснее. Кроме того, меня интересуют общие места в германских и тюркских языках (не заимствования); эта тема, видимо, мало изучена.
Материалы выкладываю на своем телеграм-канале. Теперь решил выкладывать и здесь, попутно дорабатывая свои тексты и исправляя ошибки. Очень надеюсь на критику: я не профессиональный лингвист, вся моя практика в английском ограничена чтением технической и научной литературы.
Материал очень сырой, до профессиональных методик ему далеко. Есть заимствованные "в интернете" и не переработанные блоки.
Uzbek, like other Turkic languages, is interesting for its logic, consistency. This is its difference from modern Germanic languages, those formed by multiple mixing of Slavic and Germanic languages and multiple compromises between them. The Turkic languages have not changed much over the centuries, keeping the pure logic of constructing words and sentences...
The Uzbek language has 2 alphabets. One is based on the Latin alphabet, the other is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin based alphabet consists of 26 letters, three digraphs sh, ch and ng, and an apostrophe. The Cyrillic based alphabet consists of 35 letters.
Cyrillic:
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж
З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о
П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц
Ч ч Ш ш Ъ ъ Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Ў ў
Қ қ Ғ ғ Ҳ ҳ
Latin:
А а B b D d Е е F f G g H h I i
J j K k L l М m N n О о P p Q q
R r S s Т t U u V v X x Y y Z z
Oʻ oʻ Gʻ gʻ Sh sh Ch ch Ng ng
Pronunciation of letters:
" A " as in the word "cat"
" B " as in the word "bat"
" D " as in the word "den"
" E " as in the word "bet"
" F " as in the word "fish"
" G " as in the word "go"
" H " as in the word "house"
" I " as in the word "me"
" J " as in the word "joke" or as in "vision"
" K " as in the word "cold"
" L " as in the word "list"
" M " as in the word "man"
" N " as in the word "next"
" O " as in the word "hot" or as in "call"
" P " as in the word "pin"
" Q " like a " K ", but further back in the throat
" R " as in the word "rat" (trilled, like in Russian)
" S " as in the word "sick"
" T " as in the word "toe"
" U " as in the word "put" or as in "choose"
" V " as in the word "van"
" X " - "ch" as in German "Bach" or Scottish "loch"
" Y " as in the word "yes"
" Z " as in the word "zebra"
" O' " as in the word "row", "fur"
" G' " like a French or German "r"
" Sh " as in the word "shoe"
" Ch " as in the word "chew"
" Ng " as in the word "king"
Apostrophe is used either
1) to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or
2) to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 10:04
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Examples with " a ":
ana - that, there (points to something distant)
mana - this, here (points to something close)
aka - older brother
uka - younger brother
aka-uka - brothers
ana aka - that is the older brother
mana uka - this is the younger brother
mana aka-uka - these are brothers
Attention!
Almost always, the stress in Uzbek words is put on the last syllable!
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 11:24
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Examples with " i ":
ip - thread
igna (nina) - needle
iz - track(s)
imzo - signature
Misollar - Examples:
Mana ip - This is a thread
Ana ip - That is a thread
Mana nina (igna) - This is a needle
Mana iz - This is a track (These are tracks)
Mana imzo - This is signature
Examples with " o ":
non - bread
bola - child
ol - take
olma – apple
Misollar - Examples:
Mana non - This is a bread
Mana bola - This is a child
Karim, nonni ol - Karim, take a bread
Lola, olmani ol - Lola, take an apple
Attention!
In Uzbek, the predicate is at the end of a sentence!
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 11:26
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Examples with " u ":
bu - this, "this is"
uzum - vine, grapes
uchun - for
uy - home
uzun - long
Misollar - Examples:
Bu olma - This is an apple
Sardor, bu olmani ol - Sardor, take this apple
Mana uy - This is a home
Mana uzum - This is a vine
Umida, uzumdan ol - Umida, take these grapes
Mana Karim uchun uy - This house is for Karim
Bu uzum shirin - These grapes are sweet
Aziz, uzumdan ol - Aziz, take these grapes
Sevara uchun uzum ol - Take these grapes for Sevara
Uzbek prepositions are always placed after the word to which they refer!
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 11:45
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Examples with " e ":
etik - high boot
eshik - door
el - people
erkak - man
ertaga - tomorrow
echki - goat
kelmoq - to come
The affix "-moq" gives an indefinite verb form.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 11:51
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Misollar - Examples:
Bu echki - This is a goat
Mana eshik - Here is the door
Ana etik - There is a high boot
Karim, ertaga kel - Karim, come tomorrow
Aziz, etikni ol - Aziz, take the high boot
Tursun, eshikni och - Tursun, open the door
Lola, echkini olib ket - Lola, take the goat away
Attention!
There are no prefixes in the Uzbek language (except for those borrowed from Farsi) (777). But there are many affixes that go in a certain order after the root of the word. The root of a word, as a rule, consists of 1-2 syllables; the main part of the word is often a set of affixes.
The affix "-ni" is used in the accusative case.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 12:55
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Examples with " o' ":
to‘rt - four
bo‘r - chalk
ko‘z - eye
ko‘cha - street
do‘st - friend
so‘z - word
o‘z - own, -self-
Misollar - Examples:
Mana bo‘r - Here is the chalk
Tursun, bo‘rni ol - Tursun, take the chalk
Uzun ko‘cha - Long street
So‘zlarni o‘qing - Read the words
O'z oilam - My own family
Men buni o'zim qilaman - I do it myself
Examples with " q ":
qor - snow
quyosh - sun
quloq - ear, ears
qog‘oz - paper
o‘rtoq - comrade
qishloq - village
Misollar - Examples:
Qor yog‘di - It was snowing
Quyosh nurlari - Sun rays
Quloq solmoq - listen
Yozuv qog‘ozi - Writing paper
Qo‘shni qishloq - Neighboring village
Examples with " g' ":
g‘oz - goose
bog’ - garden
tog’ - mountain
g‘alaba - victory
g‘ayrat - energy, ardour
Misollar - Examples:
G‘oz bolasi - Gosling
G‘oz go‘shti - Goose meat
Mevazor bog’ - Orchard
Tog’ etagi - Foot of the mountain
Tog’ cho‘qqisi - Peak
G‘alaba qozonmoq - To win a victory
G‘ayrat qilmoq - To act energetically
Examples with " h ":
ham - and, both
hayot - life
hozir - now
hazil - joke
hikoya - story
hamma - all
hafta - week
harakat - movement, motion
Misollar - Examples:
Ko‘cha harakati — Street traffic
Men ham o‘qiyman, sen ham o‘qiysan — And I will teach, and you will
Hayot kechirmoq — To spend life, to live
Hazil qilmoq — To joke (qilmoq - to do)
Hikoyalar to‘plami — Collection of stories
Hamma narsa — All things
O‘tgan hafta — Last week
Examples with " j ":
juda - very
juma - Friday
jo‘ja - chicken
jim - calm, quiet
janjal - scandal
janub - south
Examples with " ng ":
ong — consciousness
tong — dawn
bong — scream
jang — battle
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 12:58
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Kishilik olmoshlari - Personal pronouns
Men — I
Sen — Thou
U — He, She, It
Biz — We
Siz — You
Ular — They
Attention!
In Uzbek, as in other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 12:59
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So‘roq olmoshlari - Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronoun Kim? - Who? - is used only in relation to people, and in relation to everything else Nima? - What?
Misollar — Examples:
– Bu kim? – Who is this? – Bu Rustam. – This is Rustam.
– U kim? – Who is it? – U – muhandis. – He is an engineer.
– Siz kimsiz? – Who are you? – Men shifokorman. – I am a doctor.
– Bu nima? – What is this? – Bu kitob. – This is a book.
– Mana bu nima? – What is this? – Mana bu avtobus. – This is a bus.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 13:07
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Interrogative sentences are constructed in three ways:
1. Using interrogative particles (mi, -chi, -a):
Bu yaxshi kitobmi? - It is a good book, isn't it? (kitob - book)
Siz talabamisiz? - Are you a student? (talaba - student; -siz - 2nd person plural affix)
U-chi? What about him?
U shifokor-a? - He is a doctor, isn't he?
2. Using interrogative pronouns:
Ana bu nima? - What is there?
3. Using interrogative intonation:
Soat ikki bo'ldi? - It's two o'clock now (isn't it)? (soat = hour, ikki = two, bo'ldi = was (bo'l = is, -di = past tense affix))
The word order in the interrogative sentence is usually the same as in the answer. That is, the interrogative pronoun is in the place of the word containing the answer.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Ср июн 22, 2022 13:21
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Important affix "LAR”:
"Lar” is the main prefix for the plural:
bolalar – children, so‘zlar – words, tog’lar – mountains etc.
In some cases, this affix can be used not only with nouns, but also with other parts of speech, for example, with verbs:
Qidirdilar, ammo topolmadilar - They searched, but could not find.
In addition, this affix is used to convey a respectful attitude:
otamlar - my dear father, onamlar - my dear mother;
Xush kelibsizlar! - Welcome dear guest!
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 11:19
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Egalik qo‘shimchalari - Possessive affixes
The Uzbek language has possessive affixes that are attached to names to indicate that a given object belongs to any person or object.
This refers to the person and number inherited from the person or thing to which the object belongs.
In the third person, the number is not inherited. The affix "lari" = "lar"+"i", here "lar" gives us the plural of the subordinate object.
Examples:
my house –uyim; our house –uyimiz; my houses –uylarim; our houses - uylarimiz;
your (thy) house –uying; your house - uyingiz; your (thy) houses –uylaring; your houses - uylaringiz;
his house - uyi; their house –uyi; his houses - uylari; their houses –uylari.
Examples with a final vowel:
otam – my father otang – your (thy) father otasi – his (her) father otamiz – our father otangiz – your father otasi – their father
Examples with a final consonant:
maktabim – my school maktabing – your (thy) school maktabi – his (her) school maktabimiz – our school maktabingiz – your school maktabi – their school
Examples – sentences:
Kitobim qani? — Where is my book? Kitobingni ol — Take your book. Kitobini ber — Give me his (her) book. Kitobingni o‘qi — Read your book. Kitobimni o‘qi — Read my book. Kitobingni o‘qiyman — I will read your book. Kitobimiz kimda? —Who has our book? Kitobingiz stolda —Your book is on the table. Kitobingizni kim o‘qidi? —Who has read your book? Kitobingizni men o‘qidim — I read your book.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 11:22
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Names of the days of the week:
Yakshanba - Sunday Dushanba - Monday Seshanba - Tuesday Chorshanba - Wednesday Payshanba - Thursday Juma - Friday Shanba - Saturday
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 17:14
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Examples of yes/no questions:
Aziz shanba kuni ishladimi? - Did Aziz work on Saturday? Ha, Aziz shanba kuni ishladi. - Yes, Aziz worked on Saturday. Yo‘q, Aziz shanba kuni ishlamadi. - No, Aziz did not work on Saturday.
Sen hafta kunlarini aytib bera olasanmi? - Can you name the days of the week? Ha, aytib bera olaman, marhamat. - Yes, I can, please.
Siz shanba kuni ishlaysizmi? — Do you work on Saturday? Dushanba kuni majlis bo‘ladimi? — Will there be a meeting on Monday?
Lola dushanba kuni ishga boradimi? (or "Lola dushanbada ishga boradimi?") - Will Lola go to work on Monday? Ha, Lola dushanba kuni ishga boradi. - Yes, Lola will go to work on Monday. Seshanba kuni-chi? - And on Tuesday? Seshanba kuni ham boradi. (or "Seshanbada ham boradi") - Yes, and on Tuesday, too, will go.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 17:14
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Interrogative sentences can be formed using the following interrogative pronouns:
Kim?, Kimlar? — Who? (We say "Kimlar" if we know that there are several persons) Nima?, Nimalar? — What? (We say "Nimalar" if we know there are multiple items)
Qanday? — Which?, What kind of...?, How? Qanday qilib? - How?, In what way?
Qaysi? — What kind of...? - Which? Qaysi biri? - Which one of...?
Qancha?, Necha? — How much?, How many? Nechta? — How many (items)? Nechanchi? — Which (one) is on the bill?
Qachon? — When? Qachondan beri? — Since when?
Qayerda? - Where? Qayerga? - In which direction? Qayerdan? - Where from?
Nega? - Why? Nimaga? - Why? For what?
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 17:15
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Examples of wh–questions:
Bu qanday qalam? Bu qora qalam. What kind of pencil is this? This is a black pencil.
Bu qaysi ko'cha? Bu yangi ko'cha. Which street is this? This is a new street.
Siz qayerda o'qiysiz? Men universitetda o'qiyman. Where do you study? I am studying at university.
U nimaga qiziqadi? U tarixga qiziqadi. What is he interested in? He is interested in history.
Siz haftaning qaysi kuni dam olasiz? Which day of the week do you rest?
Haftaning qaysi kunlari ishlaysiz? What days of the week do you work?
Yakshanba kuni qayerga bormoqchisiz? Where do you want to go on Sunday?
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 17:18
markata
There are 2 features of the use of possessive affixes:
1. At the root of some words, a vowel in the second syllable disappears:
2. At the root of two-syllable words ending in the consonants k or q,
- k changes to g: ko'ylak (shirt) – ko'ylagi, chelak (bucket) – chelagi, yurаk (heart) – yurаgi,
- q changes to g': o'rtoq (comrade) – o'rtog'i, qishloq (village) – qishlog'i, bo’tаlоq (little camel) – bo’tаlоg’i.
Re: Узбекский / Английский
Добавлено: Чт июн 23, 2022 17:20
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Numeral
son - numeral, number yil – year oy - month hafta – week kun - day soat – hour
Numerals are divided into cardinal (miqdor son) and ordinal (tartib son). Cardinal numerals answer the questions "Qancha?", "Nechta?", "Necha?". Ordinal numerals answer the question "nechanchi" (which) and are formed by adding suffixes to cardinal numerals:
-nchi (after final vowels); -inchi (after final consonants).
1 – bir 2 – ikki 3 – uch 4 – to’rt 5 – besh 6 – olti 7 – yetti 8 – sakkiz 9 – to’qqiz 10 – o’n 20 – yigirma 30 – o’ttiz 40 – qirq 50 – ellik 60 – oltmish 70 – yetmish 80 – sakson 90 – to’qson 100 – yuz 1000 – ming